Biochemical predictors for metabolic syndrome in preterm infants according to weight ratio.

OBJECTIVE: Prematurity and low birth weight predispose preterm infants to cardiovascular disease in later life. Is the metabolic profile of these children impacted by the relation between birth weight and gestational age (GA)? This study aimed to evaluate whether the relationship between birth weight and GA of preterm infants has a positive correlation with the metabolic profile from birth to the sixth month of corrected age. METHODS: This is a longitudinal, prospective study with a cohort of 70 preterm and 54 term infants, who were enrolled in the study and shared into two groups: Appropriate for GA (AGA) and Small for GA (SGA), both classified at birth by Fenton and Kim curves. Longitudinal evaluation of anthropometry measures and blood samples of total cholesterol, glucose, triglycerides, and insulin were collected at birth, NICU discharge, and the sixth month of corrected age. Data were analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistical analysis (ANOVA, Fisher test, Shapiro-Wilk, and Cochran test). The effect size was 0.15, power was 0.92, and confidence interval 95%. RESULTS: No significant statistical differences were observed in relation to biochemical tests between AGA and SGA groups. However, a significant increase in triglyceride results above the reference values for age in the SGA group was observed throughout the follow-up. CONCLUSION: Changes observed in the preterm infant metabolic profile show no correlation with adequacy of birth weight. Preterm lipid profile requires continuous evaluation at follow-up, due to the increased cardiovascular risk in later life.

Biochemical predictors for metabolic syndrome in preterm infants according to weight ratio

ABSTRACT Objective Prematurity and low birth weight predispose preterm infants to cardiovascular disease in later life. Is the metabolic profile of these children impacted by the relation between birth weight and gestational age (GA)? This study aimed to evaluate whether the relationship between birth weight and GA of preterm infants has a positive correlation with the metabolic profile from birth to the sixth month of corrected age. Subjects and methods This is a longitudinal, prospective study with a cohort of 70 preterm and 54 term infants, who were enrolled in the study and shared into two groups: Appropriate for GA (AGA) and Small for GA (SGA), both classified at birth by Fenton and Kim curves. Longitudinal evaluation of anthropometry measures and blood samples of total cholesterol, glucose, triglycerides, and insulin were collected at birth, NICU discharge, and the sixth month of corrected age. Data were analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistical analysis (ANOVA, Fisher test, Shapiro-Wilk, and Cochran test). The effect size was 0.15, power was 0.92, and confidence interval 95%. Results No significant statistical differences were observed in relation to biochemical tests between AGA and SGA groups. However, a significant increase in triglyceride results above the reference values for age in the SGA group was observed throughout the follow-up. Conclusions Changes observed in the preterm infant metabolic profile show no correlation with adequacy of birth weight. Preterm lipid profile requires continuous evaluation at follow-up, due to the increased cardiovascular risk in later life.

Evolução do perfil lipídico, glicêmico e pressórico de prematuros: estudo longitudinal / Evolution of the lipid, glycemic and blood pressure profile of premature infants: a longitudinal study

Objetivo: Relacionar a evolução do perfil lipídico, glicêmico e pressórico de prematuro do nascimento aos 2 anos de idade corrigida com a classificação de peso ao nascer e sexo. Metodologia: Estudo longitudinal, amostra inicial de 71 prematuros, destes, 31 completaram o acompanhamento ambulatorial. Avaliados ao nascer, alta, 6 meses e 2 anos de idade corrigida (peso, idade gestacional, perfil lipídico, glicêmico, pressão arterial). Resultados: Glicemia, colesterol total, pressão arterial e triglicerídeos, não foram estatisticamente significantes em relação ao peso ao nascer e ao longo do seguimento. Colesterol total (p=0,18) e glicemia sofreram efeito de interação com o sexo. Pressão arterial acima do esperado aos 2 anos. Crescimento foi uniforme independente do sexo. Conclusão: O perfil lipídico, glicêmico e pressórico dos prematuros ao longo do acompanhamento não foi influenciado pela classificação de peso ao nascer. O sexo influenciou as concentrações de colesterol e a glicemia.

Objective: To relate the evolution of the lipid, glycemic and blood pressure profile of premature infants from birth to 2 years corrected age with the classification of birth weight and sex. Methodology: Longitudinal study, initial sample of 71 premature infants, of which 31 completed outpatient follow-up. Evaluated at birth, discharge, 6 months and 2 years corrected age (weight, gestational age, lipid, glycemic, blood pressure profile). Results: Blood glucose, total cholesterol, blood pressure and triglycerides were not statistically significant in relation to birth weight nor throughout follow-up. Total cholesterol (p=0.18) and blood glucose underwent interaction with sex. Blood pressure was higher than expected at 2 years old. Growth was uniform regardless of sex. Conclusion: The lipid, glycemic and blood pressure profile of premature infants during follow-up was not influenced by the birth weight classification. The cholesterol and blood glucose concentrations were influenced by sex.

Glycemia and Lipidemia in Term Newborns Correlate With Maternal Metabolism.

The present study characterized the plasma glycemic and lipid profiles in full-term newborn babies at birth and correlated these variables with growth markers and maternal clinical and metabolic conditions, to observe if maternal pregnancy conditions can influence metabolic programming in these newborn babies. Anthropometric and biochemical data were collected from 162 mother/newborn binomials at birth and at 6 months at a public hospital in Western Paraná State, Brazil. Samples of blood tests for glucose, insulin, total cholesterol, and triglycerides were obtained. Two classes of mothers/babies were statistically defined. The glycemic profiles in Class 1, at birth, were 63.0 ± 19.6 mg/dL and at 6 months 80.4 ± 10.6 mg/dL; in Class 2, at birth, they were 66.1 ± 20.8 mg/dL and at 6 months 78.2 ± 9.4 mg/dL. The triglycerides levels in Class 1 and Class 2, at birth, were 124.5 ± 47.8 mg/dL and 132.6 ± 60.2 mg/dL, respectively, and at 6 months they were 139.0 ± 51.5 mg/dL and 115.2 ± 39.9 mg/dL, respectively. Even though most of the pregnant women were overweight at the end of the gestation period, the anthropometric patterns found for babies followed the desirable standards. Furthermore, the average glycemic profile values were between the cutoff standards at birth and at 6 months; however, the triglycerides were above the expected values.

Carga de trabalho e dimensionamento de pessoal de enfermagem em terapia intensiva neonatal / Workload and sizing of therapy in nursing staff intensive newborn

Objetivo: Mensurar a carga de trabalho da equipe de enfermagem de uma Unidade de Terapia Intensiva Neonatal (UTIN) e dimensionar o quadro de pessoal necessário para o suprimento desta demanda. Metodologia: Estudo transversal, documental e quantitativo. Foram coletadas variáveis de caracterização clínica e demográfica da amostra (n=105) de recém-nascidos e da carga de trabalho da enfermagem por meio do Nursing Activities Score (NAS). O dimensionamento foi calculado com base em equação para terapia intensiva e ajustado à Resolução nº 543/2017 do Conselho Federal de Enfermagem. Resultados: A média do NAS da UTIN foi de 749,9. Obteve-se quadro dimensionado de 43 profissionais, com déficit de 17 enfermeiros em comparação ao quadro disponível. Conclusão: O quadro de enfermeiros da UTIN é insuficiente.

Objective: To measure the workload of the nursing team of a Neonatal Intensive Care Unit (NICU) and to size the personnel needed to supply this demand. Method: Cross-sectional, documentary and quantitative study. Clinical and demographic characterization variables of the sample (n = 105) of newborns and the nursing workload were collected through the Nursing Activities Score (NAS). The design was calculated based on a formula for intensive therapy and adjusted to Resolution 543/2017 of the Federal Nursing Council. Results: The mean of the NICU NAS was 749.9. It was obtained a dimensioned picture of 43 professionals, with a deficit of 17 nurses in comparison to the available picture. Conclusion: Nurses from the NICU are insufficient.

Objetivo: Medir la carga de trabajo del equipo de enfermería de una Unidad de Terapia Intensiva Neonatal (UTIN) y dimensionar el cuadro de personal necesario para el aprovisionamiento de esta demanda. Metodologia: Estudio transversal, documental y cuantitativo. Se recogieron variables de caracterización clínica y demográfica de la muestra (n = 105) de recién nacidos y de la carga de trabajo de la enfermería por medio del Nursing Activities Score (NAS). El dimensionamiento fue calculado con base en fórmula para terapia intensiva y ajustado a la Resolución 543/2017 del Consejo Federal de Enfermería. Resultados: El promedio del NAS de la UTIN fue de 749,9. Se obtuvo un cuadro dimensionado de 43 profesionales, con déficit de 17 enfermeros en comparación al cuadro disponible. Conclusión: El cuadro de enfermeros de la UTIN es insuficiente.

Clinical application of the Standard Operating Procedure of Positioning with Premature Infants.

OBJECTIVE: To compare the physiological and behavioral responses of Premature Infant (PREEMIE) positioned by the Unit Routine Decubitus (URD) and the Standard Operating Procedure (SOP). METHOD: A quasi-experimental comparative study performed at a Neonatal Intensive Care Unit in Southern Brazil. We evaluated 30 PREEMIEs with gestational age ≤32 weeks, randomly assigned to Unit Routine Decubitus (URD) and Intervention Group (IG), subdivided into Right Lateral Decubitus (RLD), Dorsal Decubitus (DD), Left Lateral Decubitus (LLD) and Ventral Decubitus (VD). It was evaluated before, during and after the procedure: Heart Rate (HR); Respiratory Frequency (RF); Peripheral Oxygen Saturation (SpO2); behavior by the Neonatal Behavioral Assessment Scale (NBAS); by NIPS. RESULTS: During the intervention, RR (p = 0.023), indexes in NBAS (p = 0.01) and NIPS (p <0.0001) reduced significantly in SOP. HR and SpO2 did not present a significant difference. CONCLUSION: Positioning according to the SOP shows benefit in relation to the behavioral and physiological status of PREEMIE.

Crescimento e marcadores bioquímicos de recém-nascidos prematuros até os seis meses de idade corrigida / Growth and biochemical markers of preterm newborns up to six months of corrected age

INTRODUCTION: Due to advances in recent decades in maternal-foetal and neonatal medicine, a greater survival of preterm infants with progressively smaller birth weight and gestational age is observed, increasing the risk of future morbidities on those infants. Among these morbidities, alterations in growth and metabolism are found. OBJECTIVE: To analyze the evolution of the growth and the metabolic profile of preterm infants' cohort from birth at six months of corrected age (CA) METHODS: A descriptive and prospective study with a sample of 107 mothers and 115 preterm infants at birth and 72 preterm infants and 68 mothers at the end of follow-up. Growth (body weight, height, cephalic perimeter) was evaluated at six time points. Plasma concentrations of cholesterol, triglycerides, glucose and insulin of premature infants were assessed during three periods, from birth to 6 months of CA. Comparative analysis of the initial sample and the sample that finished the follow-up was used in chi-square family tests. To Evaluate the growth over the 6-month period by using repeated measurements. RESULTS: Sociodemographic variables and maternal biochemical profile without statistical differences in the comparison of the mothers of the initial sample with those who completed the follow-up. Linear growth of preterm infants at six months of CA, however without recovery of growth. Plasma concentrations of triglycerides (birth = 48.1, 6 months = 151.1) and cholesterol (birth = 82.7, 6 months = 139.9) increased during the evaluations. Glycaemia remained stable (birth 80.4, 6 months = 83.3) and insulin decreased from 11.0 to 4.2. CONCLUSION: Growth of preterm infants, although linear, was lower than expected for age. Lipid profiles presented an ascending curve from birth onward. Therefore, this group is prone to delayed growth and to developing cardiovascular changes throughout life.

INTRODUÇÃO: Com os avanços nas últimas décadas na medicina materno-fetal e neonatal, observa-se maior sobrevida de crianças prematuras com peso de nascimento e idade gestacional progressivamente menores, elevando riscos de morbidades futuras. Dentre as quais, alterações do crescimento e no metabolismo dessas crianças. OBJETIVO: Analisar a evolução do crescimento e o perfil metabólico de uma coorte de prematuros do nascimento aos seis meses de idade corrigida. MÉTODO: Estudo de descritivo, prospectivo, amostra de 107 mães e 115 recém-nascidos prematuros, ao nascimento e 72 lactentes prematuros e 68 mães ao término do seguimento. Crescimento (peso corporal, estatura, perímetro cefálico) avaliado em seis momentos. Concentrações plasmáticas de colesterol, triglicerídeos, glicose e insulina dos prematuros avaliadas em três períodos, do nascimento aos seis meses de Idade Corrigida (IC). Análise da comparação da amostra inicial com amostra que finalizou o seguimento mediante testes da família qui quadrado. Para a avaliação do crescimento ao longo dos seis meses, a análise ocorreu por meio de delineamento de medidas repetidas. RESULTADOS: Variáveis sociodemográficas e perfil bioquímico materno sem diferenças estatísticas entre mães da amostra inicial e aquelas que finalizaram o seguimento. Crescimento linear dos prema turos da alta aos seis meses de IC, contudo sem recuperação do crescimento. Concentrações plasmáticas de triglicerídeos (nascimento=48,1; 6 meses=151,1) e colesterol (nascimento=82,7; 6 meses=139,9), aumentaram no decorrer das avaliações. Glicemia permaneceu estável (nascimento=80,4; 6 meses=83,3) e insulina reduziu de 11,0, para 4,2). CONCLUSÃO: O crescimento dos recém-nascidos prematuros, apesar de linear, inferior ao esperado para idade. Perfil lipídico apresentou curva ascendente desde o nascimento.

Condições clínicas e perfil metabólico de prematuros do nascimento aos seis meses de idade corrigida / Clinical conditions and metabolic profile of preterm newborns from birth to six months of corrected age

A sobrevida de recém-nascidos prematuros e de baixo peso tem evidenciado alterações metabólicas ao longo de suas vidas. Objetiva-se correlacionar se condições clínicas do recém-nascido prematuro (RNPT) ao nascimento, na hospitalização e após a alta da Unidade de Terapia Intensiva Neonatal, influenciam no seu perfil metabólico aos seis meses de Idade Corrigida. Estudo prospectivo, de coorte, com 37 RNPT. A análise estatística realizada foi descritiva e inferencial. Ao correlacionar as condições clínicas do nascimento, da hospitalização e do seguimento com o perfil metabólico do RNPT, evidenciou-se que a enterocolite necrotizante (p= 0,006) e sepse tardia (p= 0,02) apresentaram diferença estatística significativa na concentração de insulina. O perfil glicêmico na presença das comorbidades se manteve normal e o perfil lipídico elevou-se gradativamente. Os RNPT deste estudo constituem-se em grupo de risco para o desenvolvimento da síndrome metabólica e doenças cardiovasculares, devido às alterações lipídicas e insulínicas encontradas.

The survival of preterm newborns and low weight has shown the metabolic changes throughout their lives. The objective is to correlate if the clinical conditions of the preterm newborn (PTNB) at birth, during admission and after discharge from the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, influence their metabolic profile at six months of Corrected Age. It is a prospective cohort study with 37 PTNB. The statistical analysis was descriptive and inferential. When correlating the clinical conditions at birth, during admission and at follow-up with the PTNB metabolic profile, the necrotizing enterocolitis (p=0.006) and late sepsis (p= 0.02) presented a significant statistical difference in the insulin concentration. The glycemic profile in the presence of comorbidities stayed normal and the lipidic profile gradually increased. The PTNB of this study constitutes a group at risk for the development of metabolic syndrome and cardiovascular diseases, due to lipidic and insulin changes found.

Clinical application of the Standard Operating Procedure of Positioning with Premature Infants / Aplicación clínica del Procedimiento Operativo estándar de Posicionamiento con Prematuros / Aplicação clínica do Procedimento Operacional Padrão de Posicionamento com Prematuros

ABSTRACT Objective: To compare the physiological and behavioral responses of Premature Infant (PREEMIE) positioned by the Unit Routine Decubitus (URD) and the Standard Operating Procedure (SOP). Method: A quasi-experimental comparative study performed at a Neonatal Intensive Care Unit in Southern Brazil. We evaluated 30 PREEMIEs with gestational age ≤32 weeks, randomly assigned to Unit Routine Decubitus (URD) and Intervention Group (IG), subdivided into Right Lateral Decubitus (RLD), Dorsal Decubitus (DD), Left Lateral Decubitus (LLD) and Ventral Decubitus (VD). It was evaluated before, during and after the procedure: Heart Rate (HR); Respiratory Frequency (RF); Peripheral Oxygen Saturation (SpO2); behavior by the Neonatal Behavioral Assessment Scale (NBAS); by NIPS. Results: During the intervention, RR (p = 0.023), indexes in NBAS (p = 0.01) and NIPS (p <0.0001) reduced significantly in SOP. HR and SpO2 did not present a significant difference. Conclusion: Positioning according to the SOP shows benefit in relation to the behavioral and physiological status of PREEMIE.

RESUMEN Objetivo: Comparar respuestas fisiológicas y comportamentales de Recién Nacidos Prematuros (RNPT) colocados por el Decúbito de Rutina de la Unidad (DRU) y por el Procedimiento Operativo Estándar (POE) de posicionamiento. Método: Estudio comparativo casi experimental, realizado en una Unidad de Terapia Intensiva Neonatal en el Sur de Brasil. Evaluados 30 RNPTS con la edad gestacional ≤32 semanas asignado, aleatoriamente, en Decúbito de Rutina de la Unidad (DRU) y Grupo Intervención (POE), este subdividido en Decúbito Lateral Derecho (DLD), Decúbito Dorsal (DD), Decúbito Lateral Izquierdo (DLI) y Decúbito Ventral (DV). Fueron evaluados antes, durante y después del procedimiento: La Frecuencia Cardíaca (FC); La Frecuencia Respiratoria (FR); La Saturación Periférica de Oxígeno (SpO2); el comportamiento por la Escala de Brazelton Modificada (EBM); el dolor por la NIPS. Resultados: Durante la intervención, FR (p=0,023), los índices en la EBM (p=0,01) y NIPS (p<0,0001) redujeron significativamente en el POE. FC y SpO2 no presentaron una diferencia significativa. Conclusión: El posicionamiento conforme el POE evidencia beneficio en relación al estado conductual y fisiológico de RNPT.

RESUMO Objetivo: Comparar respostas fisiológicas e comportamentais de Recém-Nascidos Prematuros (RNPT) posicionados pelo Decúbito de Rotina da Unidade (DRU) e pelo Procedimento Operacional Padrão (POP) de posicionamento. Método: Estudo comparativo quase experimental, realizado em uma Unidade de Terapia Intensiva Neonatal no Sul do Brasil. Avaliados 30 RNPTs com idade gestacional ≤32 semanas alocados, randomizadamente, em Decúbito de Rotina da Unidade (DRU) e Grupo Intervenção (POP), este subdividido em Decúbito Lateral Direito (DLD), Decúbito Dorsal (DD), Decúbito Lateral Esquerdo (DLE) e Decúbito Ventral (DV). Avaliou-se antes, durante e após o procedimento: Frequência Cardíaca (FC); Frequência Respiratória (FR); Saturação Periférica de Oxigênio (SpO2); comportamento pela Escala de Brazelton Modificada (EBM); dor pela NIPS. Resultados: Durante a intervenção, FR (p=0,023), índices na EBM (p=0,01) e NIPS (p<0,0001) reduziram significativamente no POP. FC e SpO2 não apresentaram uma diferença significativa. Conclusão: O posicionamento conforme o POP evidencia benefício em relação ao estado comportamental e fisiológico de RNPT.